{ types: { "concept" : { pluralLabel: "concepts" }, "person" : { pluralLabel: "people" }, "place" : { pluralLabel: "places" }, "institution" : { pluralLabel: "institutions" }, "event" : { pluralLabel: "events" }, "text" : { pluralLabel: "texts" }, "group" : { pluralLabel: "groups" }, "period" : { pluralLabel: "periods" } }, properties: { "label" : { valueType: "item" }, "relatedPerson" : { valueType: "person" }, "dateBegin" : { valueType: "date" }, "dateEnd" : { valueType: "date" }, "number" : { valueType: "number" }, "related" : { valueType: "item" } }, "items" : [ { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05D1\u05D5\u05D3 \u05D4\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Kevod haBeriyot", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Human dignity" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05E9", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Perush", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Explanation" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4 \u05DE\u05E0\u05D7\u05D4", "importance" : "5", "label" : "Leitwort", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Leading word" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05E9 \u05D4\u05E8\u05DE\u05D1\u05DD \u05DC\u05DE\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "1165", "label" : "Maimonides\' Commentary to the Mishnah", "typeNotes" : "Rishonic", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "A commentary on the Mishnah. Placeholder, date approximate." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05E8\u05D1\u05E2\u05D4 \u05DE\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Arba\'ah Minim", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "On Sukkot, the Torah commands the taking of the Arba\'ah Minim \u05D0\u05E8\u05D1\u05E2\u05D4 \u05DE\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD (four different plant species). They include the Lulav \u05DC\u05D5\u05DC\u05D1 (palm branch), the Etrog \u05D0\u05EA\u05E8\u05D5\u05D2 (citron, identified in the Torah as Peri Etz Hadar \u05E4\u05E8\u05D9 \u05E2\u05E5 \u05D4\u05D3\u05E8, the fruit of the good tree), Hadas \u05D4\u05D3\u05E1 (myrtle branches), and Aravah \u05E2\u05E8\u05D1\u05D4 (willows). The four species are seen as having different characteristics of smell and taste, and are seen as religious symbols representing the need to bind all kinds of Jews together. On Shabbat, the Arba\'ah Minim are not shaken because the rabbis were concerned that people would carry them in public, which would be a violation of Shabbat law.", "flashcard" : "Four species waved together on Sukkot" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E8\u05D2\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05E9\u05D1\u05E2\u05D9\u05DD", "typeNotes" : "Ptolemaic", "dateBegin" : "-0285", "type" : "text", "label" : "Septuagint Translation", "flashcard" : "Greek Bible", "dateEnd" : "-0246", "importance" : "5", "narrID" : "The Septuagint (the translation of the seventy) refers to the translation of the Torah (and later the rest of the Bible) into Greek under the sponsorship of the Ptolemaic ruler, Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The story of the translation is told in the Letter to Aristeas." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DE\u05D7\u05EA \u05D1\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Simchat Bat", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : "Girl\'s covenant ceremony" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DB\u05E8 \u05D5\u05E2\u05D5\u05E0\u05E9", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Sakhar va\'Onesh", "type" : "theology", "flashcard" : "Reward and punishment" }, { "importance" : "3", "dateBegin" : "1661", "label" : "Spinoza\'s Tractatus", "typeNotes" : "Seventeenth Century", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "A book of philosophy. Placeholder, date approximate.", "related" : "no" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05EA\u05DF \u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Revlelation", "type" : "theology", "flashcard" : "God revealing God\'s will" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E6\u05E0\u05D9\u05E2\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Tznee\'ut", "type" : "social_mitzvot", "flashcard" : "Modesty" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E8\u05D0\u05E9 \u05D4\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Rosh haShanah", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Rosh haShanah \u05E8\u05D0\u05E9 \u05D4\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4 (New Year) refers primarily to the Yom Tov \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D8\u05D5\u05D1 (holiday) at the beginning of Tishrei which focuses on repentance. It is also known as Yom haDin \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05D3\u05D9\u05DF (the day of judgment), and Yom Teruah \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05EA\u05E8\u05D5\u05E2\u05D4 (the day of blowing the shofar), and Yom haZikkaron \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05D6\u05DB\u05E8\u05D5\u05DF (day of remembrance). Jews greet each other with Shanah Tovah Tikatevu v\'Tichatemu \u05E9\u05E0\u05D4 \u05D8\u05D5\u05D1\u05D4 \u05EA\u05DB\u05EA\u05D1\u05D5 \u05D5\u05EA\u05D7\u05EA\u05DE\u05D5 (May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year) or Shanah Tova uMetukah \u05E9\u05E0\u05D4 \u05D8\u05D5\u05D1\u05D4 \u05D5\u05DE\u05EA\u05D5\u05E7\u05D4 (may you have a good and sweet year).", "flashcard" : "Jewish new year", "related" : "Tishrei" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E0\u05D1\u05D9\u05D0\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Nevi\'im", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Prophets, the second section of the TaNaKh" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05D1\u05D3\u05DC\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Havdalah", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "Havdalah \u05D4\u05D1\u05D3\u05DC\u05D4 (separation) is the service at the end of Shabbat (and festivals) marking the distinction between Kedushat Shabbat \u05E7\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9\u05EA \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA (the sanctity of Shabbat) and Chol \u05D7\u05D5\u05DC (profane, weekdays). The end of Shabbat evokes the rituals at the beginning of Shabbat, including use of Yayin \u05D9\u05D9\u05DF (wine), Nerot \u05E0\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA (candles) and Besamim \u05D1\u05E9\u05DE\u05D9\u05DD (spices, evoking the fragrance of the special food on shabbat?).", "flashcard" : "Service for concluding Shabbat", "related" : [ "Shabbat", "Kedushat Shabbat" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9\u05EA \u05D4\u05E2\u05DE\u05D9\u05D3\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Kedushat ha\'Amidah", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Third blessing of the Amidah sanctifying God\'s name" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DE\u05E9", "importance" : "5", "label" : "Shamash", "type" : "community", "narrID" : "A Shamash \u05E9\u05DE\u05E9 is the title given to the synagogue functionary who takes care of the logistics of running a synagogue. On a Chanukkiyah, there is usually a space for an additional candle, the Shamash \u05E9\u05DE\u05E9, which is usually placed above or below the level of the other candles. This additional candle can be used to light the other candles for the mitzvah, but its primary purpose is to provide light since the other candles are not allowed to be used for any purpose other than publicing the miracle of Chanukkah.", "flashcard" : "Synagogue functionary or candle used with a Chanukkiyah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05E7\u05D9\u05D3\u05EA \u05D9\u05E6\u05D7\u05E7", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Aqedat Yitzhaq", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Binding of Isaac" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DE\u05D9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D4\u05DC\u05E9\u05D5\u05DF", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Shemirat haLashon", "type" : "social_mitzvot", "flashcard" : "Ethics of language" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E2\u05E8\u05D9\u05D1", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Maariv", "aka" : "Arvit", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Evening service" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05E1\u05D7", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Pesach", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Pesach \u05E4\u05E1\u05D7 (Passover) commemorates", "flashcard" : "Passover, the festival of freedom" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D7\u05E8\u05D9\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Shacharit", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Morning prayer service" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D2\u05D9\u05D5\u05E8", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Conversion", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : "Becoming a Jew" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DC\u05D7\u05DF \u05E2\u05E8\u05D5\u05DA", "typeNotes" : "Acharonic", "dateBegin" : "1570", "type" : "text", "label" : "Shulchan Arukh", "related" : "yes", "flashcard" : "Karo\'s code of Jewish law", "importance" : "2", "narrID" : "The Shulhan Arukh is a halakhic code written by Yosef Karo with glosses by Moshe Isserles. Placeholder, date approximate." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E8\u05E2", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Evil", "type" : "theology", "flashcard" : "Source of causeless destruction", "related" : "Bechirah Chofshit" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05E4\u05E5 \u05D7\u05D9\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "1", "dateBegin" : "1873", "label" : "Chafetz Chayyim", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "The Chafetz Chayyim is a classic work by Israel Meir Kagan (1838-1933) on ethics of language (shemirat halashon) and slander (lashon hara). Placeholder.", "flashcard" : "Author of book on Shemirat haLashon", "related" : "Shemirat haLashon" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D1", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Av", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Av \u05D0\u05D1 is the eleventh month of the year during which the major fast of the Ninth of Av falls. The preparatory mourning for the Ninth of Av escalates with the beginning of the month of Av when many Jews stop eating meat (except on Shabbat) and doing laundry.", "flashcard" : "Month with fast for destruction of the Temple" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05D0\u05E8\u05E6\u05D9\u05D9\u05D8", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Yahrzeit", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : "The anniversary of death when it is customary to recite kaddish" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E4\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4", "URL" : "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_services", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Tefillah", "type" : "tefillah", "narrID" : "Tefillah \u05EA\u05E4\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4 (prayer) refers to worshipping God. For Jews, this has traditionally meant reciting specific prayers three times each day with a minyan (quorum of ten Jewish adults/men), balancing the fixed text with the need for personal meaning.", "flashcard" : "Prayer", "related" : [ "Shacharit", "Minchah", "Ma\'ariv", "Siddur", "Minyan" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05EA \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Seudat Shabbat", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "A Seudat Shabbat \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05EA \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA (Shabbat meal) is festive and holy. The first two Seudot \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA (meals) include Kiddush \u05E7\u05D9\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9 and HaMotzi \u05D4\u05DE\u05D5\u05E6\u05D9\u05D0 over Lechem Mishneh \u05DC\u05D7\u05DD \u05DE\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4 (two whole loaves)", "flashcard" : "A meal on Shabbat", "related" : [ "Kiddush", "HaMotzi", "Challah", "Zemirot", "Shalosh Seudot", "Birkat Banim", "Eshet Chayil" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D1\u05D8", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Shevat", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Fifth month with Jewish Arbor day" }, { "importance" : "3", "dateBegin" : "-0170", "label" : "Dead Sea Scrolls", "type" : "text", "dateEnd" : "0070", "narrID" : [ "The Dead Sea Scrolls include many early texts of the Bible along with documents that reveal the peculiar Jewish culture of the authors. The Jews who lived during the last couple of centuries BCE around Qumran in the Judean desert were a sect", "they thought they were the only authentic Jews and everyone else was wrong and therefore doomed." ], "flashcard" : "Sectarian documents from Judean Desert" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05D4\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Kohanim", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Priestly descendants of Aaron" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05E9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D4\u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Aseret haDibrot", "aka" : "Ten Commandments", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "The \u05E2\u05E9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D4\u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA (Ten Utterances, alt. Ten Commandments) are basic principles of Judaism, which the Bible (Exodus 19, Deuteronomy 6) records as having been given to Moses on Mount Sinai. The first statement, \"I am the Lord your God\" is seen both as a declarative statement and also as a commandment to believe in God.", "flashcard" : "Ten statements of God \"published\" on two tablets of stone, as retold in Exodus and Deuteronomy", "related" : [ "Monotheism", "Luchot haBrit" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05E9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D9\u05DE\u05D9 \u05EA\u05E9\u05D5\u05D1\u05D4", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Aseret Ymei Teshuvah", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "The \u05E2\u05E9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D9\u05DE\u05D9 \u05EA\u05E9\u05D5\u05D1\u05D4 (ten days of repentance) are the days between Rosh haShanah and Yom Kippur (inclusive) during which some aspects of the High Holiday services are added to the weekday service", "flashcard" : "Ten days of repentance", "related" : [ "Rosh haShanah", "Yom Kippur" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05E1\u05D5\u05E7", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Pasuk", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Verse" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05E9\u05E8\u05D9", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Ashrei", "type" : "tefillah", "narrID" : "Ashrei \u05D0\u05E9\u05E8\u05D9, is the first word of the preface to Psalm 145, which is recited towards the end of Pesuqei d\'Zimrah \u05E4\u05E1\u05D5\u05E7\u05D9 \u05D3\u05D6\u05DE\u05E8\u05D4 (the verses of song which precede the main morning service), again towardds the end of the service, and at the beginning of Minchah \u05DE\u05E0\u05D7\u05D4 (the afternoon service). Psalm 145 is prefaced with two verses, each beginning with the word \u05D0\u05E9\u05E8\u05D9, Psalms 84:5 and Psalms 144:16. Psalm 145 is an alphabetical acrostic praising God\'s sovereignty.", "flashcard" : "Acrostic psalm recited at the beginning of Minchah.", "related" : [ "Tefillah", "Psalms", "Minchah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05E0\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Aninut", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : "The period between death and burial" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05D1\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "5", "label" : "Birkat Banim", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "On Shabbat \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA, children are blessed using the Birkat Kohanim \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05DB\u05D4\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD (priestly blessing) and either the blessing which Jacob gave to Joseph\'s children, Ephraim and Menasheh, in Bereisheet (Genesis) 48:22, or with a parallel blessing that daughters grow up to be like the four matriarchs.", "flashcard" : "Blessing of children", "related" : [ "Seudat Shabbat", "Bereisheet", "Bemidbar", "Avot" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05DC\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Alenu", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Concluding prayer of all three daily services", "related" : "Tefillah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05E9\u05D5\u05D0\u05D4 \u05D5\u05D4\u05D2\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Yom haShoah v\'haGevurah", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Yom haZikkaron laShoah v\'laGevurah \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05D6\u05DB\u05E8\u05D5\u05DF \u05DC\u05E9\u05D5\u05D0\u05D4 \u05D5\u05DC\u05D2\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4 Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day, also known simply as Yom haShoah \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05E9\u05D5\u05D0\u05D4, mourns the loss of six million Jews in the Nazi Holocaust. Yom haShoah is commemorated on 27 Nisan.", "flashcard" : "Holocaust and Heroism Memorial day" }, { "importance" : "3", "label" : "Divine Economy of Speech", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "\"God does not waste words\" principle" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DC\u05D5\u05D7\u05D5\u05EA \u05D4\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05EA", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Luchot haBrit", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Two tablets of the covenant", "related" : "Aseret haDibrot" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05E1\u05D5\u05E7\u05D9 \u05D3\u05D6\u05DE\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Pesuqei d\'Zimrah", "type" : "tefillah", "narrID" : "Pesuqei d\'Zimrah \u05E4\u05E1\u05D5\u05E7\u05D9 \u05D3\u05D6\u05DE\u05E8\u05D4 (verses of song) are the selections from the book of Psalms which are recited in Shacharit \u05E9\u05D7\u05E8\u05D9\u05EA (the morning service) after Birkot haShachar \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA \u05D4\u05E9\u05D7\u05E8 (morning blessings) and before the Barkhu \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05D5 (lit. \"Make a blessing!\", the call to prayer).", "flashcard" : "Morning psalms", "related" : [ "Shacharit", "Birkot haShachar", "Psalms" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D4\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Kehillah", "type" : "community", "narrID" : "Kehillah \u05E7\u05D4\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4 (community) refers to the ways in which the Jewish community organizes itself and takes responsibility for the community\'s needs.", "flashcard" : "Community" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05E4\u05E8 \u05D4\u05E2\u05D9\u05E7\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "1485", "label" : "Sefer ha\'Ikkarim", "typeNotes" : "Medieval", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "Book of philosopy by Joseph Albo. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Albo book of philosophy" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05DB\u05D4\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Birkat Kohanim", "type" : "tefillah", "narrID" : [ "Birkat Kohanim \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05DB\u05D4\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD is the three-verse blessing described in Bemidbar \u05D1\u05DE\u05D3\u05D1\u05E8 (the fourth book of the Torah) 6:22-27 with which the Kohanim \u05DB\u05D4\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD (Priests) would bless the people. Birkat Kohanim is recited daily in the repetition of the Amidah and provides the themes for the final blessing of the Amidah.In the Diaspora in many synagogues, Kohanim bless the congregation on Chagim \u05D7\u05D2\u05D9\u05DD (festivals)", "in Israel, they do this weekly, and in Jerusalem, they do it daily. Birkat Kohanim is also part of Birkat Banim \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05D1\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD (blessing children) on Shabbat." ], "flashcard" : "Priestly Blessing" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05E0\u05D5\u05DB\u05D9\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Chanukkiyah", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "A Chanukkiyah \u05D7\u05E0\u05D5\u05DB\u05D9\u05D4 is a special candelabrum designed for use during the eight days of Chanukkah. Before the development of the Chanukkiyah, people lit individual candles grouped together. The Chanukkiyah allows an observer to recognize the day of the holiday even though multiple members of the household may be lighting at one time.", "flashcard" : "Candelabrum with eight candles and a shamash" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05E8\u05E7", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Perek", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Chapter" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0 \u05E4\u05E8\u05D9 \u05D4\u05E2\u05E5", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Borei Peri ha\'Etz", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Borei Peri ha\'Etz \u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0 \u05E4\u05E8\u05D9 \u05D4\u05E2\u05E5 (who creates the fruit of the tree) is the specific blessing for produce from trees. This includes apples, avocados, olives, and walnuts, but not strawberries, bananas, and peanuts (which do not grow on trees). The complete blessing is \n\u05D1\u05BC\u05B8\u05E8\u05D5\u05BC\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D0\u05B7\u05EA\u05BC\u05B8\u05D4 \u05D9\u05B0\u05D3\u05B9\u05D5\u05B8\u05D3 \u05D0\u05B1\u05DC\u05B9\u05D4\u05B5\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC \u05DE\u05B6\u05DC\u05B6\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D4\u05B8\u05E2\u05D5\u05B9\u05DC\u05B8\u05DD \u05D1\u05BC\u05D5\u05B9\u05E8\u05B5\u05D0 \u05E4\u05BC\u05B0\u05E8\u05B4\u05D9 \u05D4\u05B8\u05E2\u05B5\u05E5. When fruits and vegetables are eaten at the same meal, one blesses fruits (the more specific blessing) before one blesses vegetables (the more general blessing).", "flashcard" : "Blessing on Fruit", "related" : [ "Berakhot", "Birkhot haNehenin" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05EA\u05D5\u05D1\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Ketuvim", "aka" : "Writings", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Writings, the third section of TaNaKh" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9\u05EA \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Kedushat Shabbat", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "Bereisheet \u05D1\u05E8\u05D0\u05E9\u05D9\u05EA (Genesis) 2:1-3 describes the completion of Creation, God\'s cessation from work, and Kedushat Shabbat \u05E7\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9\u05EA \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA (making/designating the Shabbat as holy). Israel makes the Shabbat holy by reciting Kiddush \u05E7\u05D9\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9 (the sanctification over wine), Havdalah \u05D4\u05D1\u05D3\u05DC\u05D4 (separating Shabbat from the weekdays), and a variety of Mitzvot Aseh \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D5\u05EA \u05E2\u05E9\u05D4 (positive mitzvot) and Mitzvot Lo Ta\'aseh \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D5\u05EA \u05DC\u05D0 \u05EA\u05E2\u05E9\u05D4 (negative mitzvot).", "flashcard" : "The sanctity of the Sabbath", "related" : [ "Shabbat", "Kedushah", "Kiddush", "Havdalah", "Mitzvot" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D6\u05DE\u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Zemirot", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "Zemirot \u05D6\u05DE\u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA are special songs for shabbat, many of which rehearse various laws of shabbat or focus on the special food eaten on shabbat. Some songs are traditional for different fo the Shalosh Seudot \u05E9\u05DC\u05E9 \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA (three meals).", "flashcard" : "Songs for Shabbat", "related" : "Shalosh Seudot" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05E4\u05E8", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Sefer", "typeNotes" : "Hebrew", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "A book (esp. one included in the TaNaKh)" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05D5\u05DB\u05D5 \u05DB\u05D1\u05E8\u05D5", "label" : "Integrity", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "When the appearance of honesty reflects reality" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05DE\u05D5\u05D6", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Tammuz", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Tenth month of the Jewish year" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E6\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Matzah", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : [ "Matzah \u05DE\u05E6\u05D4 is unleavened bread, usually baked from wheat", "the time from the mixing of the dough until the complete baking of the matzah can be no longer than 18 minutes. Most matzah nowadays is made by machine from flour which has been watched from the time the grain was ground to flour. Some matzah is Shmurah m\'sh\'at ketzirah made from grain which has been watched from the time of harvesting \u05DE\u05E6\u05D4 \u05E9\u05DE\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4 \u05DE\u05E9\u05E2\u05EA \u05E7\u05E6\u05D9\u05E8\u05D4. This can be made by hand or not. Matzah can also be made from rye, barley, oats, or spelt, and these last two grains are commercially available." ], "flashcard" : "Unleavened bread", "related" : "Chametz" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05E4\u05D9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D4\u05E2\u05D5\u05DE\u05E8", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Sefirat ha\'Omer", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "49 day count from Pesach to Shavuot" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05D9\u05D3\u05D5\u05E8", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Siddur", "type" : "Tefillah", "flashcard" : "Prayer book" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05E2\u05E6\u05DE\u05D0\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Yom ha\'Atzma\'ut", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Israel Independence Day" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E6\u05D9\u05D5\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Zionism", "type" : "Israel", "flashcard" : "The belief in a Jewish homeland in Israel" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E9\u05E8\u05D9", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Tishrei", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "First month of the Jewish year" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D6\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Znut", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Prostitution, inappropriate sexual behavior" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05E9\u05D2\u05D7\u05D4", "importance" : "5", "label" : "Hashgachah", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Hashgachah \u05D4\u05E9\u05D2\u05D7\u05D4 (oversight) means that someone is making sure that things are done properly. A Mashgi\'ach \u05DE\u05E9\u05D2\u05D9\u05D7 (supervisor) makes sure that people who are preparing food are following the appropriate Kashrut \u05DB\u05E9\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA rules. Hashgacha can also refer to the belief that God is directly concerned with the lives of individual people.", "flashcard" : "supervision (of kashrut or by God of the world)", "related" : "Kashrut" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E7\u05E8\u05D0\u05D5\u05EA \u05D2\u05D3\u05D5\u05DC\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "dateBegin" : "1524", "label" : "Miqra\'ot Gedolot", "typeNotes" : "Medieval", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "The Miqra\'ot Gedolot is the Rabbinic Bible including the text, masoretic notes, the Aramaic Targum, and a variety of commentaries. At Gann, the common edition is the Torat Hayyim published by Mossad HaRav Kook.", "flashcard" : "Bible with lots of medieval commentaries" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D7\u05DC\u05D5\u05E7\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Machaloket", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Controversy, argument", "related" : "Emet" }, { "importance" : "3", "dateBegin" : "1954", "label" : "Nechama Leibowitz\'s Studies in the Parashah", "typeNotes" : "Post-1948", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "Studies of traditional Bible commentary. Placeholder.", "flashcard" : "Scholar of Bible commentary" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D7\u05D9\u05D8\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Shechitah", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Shechitah \u05E9\u05D7\u05D9\u05D8\u05D4 (kosher slaughter) is performed by a Shochet \u05E9\u05D5\u05D7\u05D8 (kosher butcher) who is trained to slaughter animals with a smooth cut through the trachea and carotid artery causing immediate death in the least painful way possible. The Shochet then drains the blood from the body, examines the body for disease, and the soaks and salts the meat to remove the rest of the blood.", "flashcard" : "Kosher slaughter", "related" : [ "Salt", "Hashgachah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05DE\u05D5\u05E6\u05D9\u05D0", "importance" : "1", "label" : "HaMotzi", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "HaMotzi \u05D4\u05DE\u05D5\u05E6\u05D9\u05D0 (who brings bread forth from the earth) is the berakhah \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05D4 on bread. When this berakhah is recited, it covers all of the foods at the meal. Eating bread signifies that the eating is a meal which is concluded with Birkat haMazon \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05D6\u05D5\u05DF (the blessings after food). The complete berakhah is \u05D1\u05BC\u05B8\u05E8\u05D5\u05BC\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D0\u05B7\u05EA\u05BC\u05B8\u05D4 \u05D9\u05B0\u05D3\u05B9\u05D5\u05B8\u05D3 \u05D0\u05B1\u05DC\u05B9\u05D4\u05B5\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC \u05DE\u05B6\u05DC\u05B6\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D4\u05B8\u05E2\u05D5\u05B9\u05DC\u05B8\u05DD \u05D4\u05B7\u05DE\u05BC\u05D5\u05B9\u05E6\u05B4\u05D9\u05D0 \u05DC\u05B6\u05D7\u05B6\u05DD \u05DE\u05B4\u05DF \u05D4\u05B8\u05D0\u05B8\u05E8\u05B6\u05E5.", "flashcard" : "Blessing over bread", "related" : [ "Berakhot", "Seudat Shabbat" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05D5\u05E1 \u05D0\u05DC\u05D9\u05D4\u05D5", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Kos Eliyahu", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Wine cup on the Seder table for the prophet who is to announce the coming of the Mashiach", "related" : "Seder" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05D1\u05E8\u05D0", "importance" : "1", "label" : "S\'vara", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Logical reasoning" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05DC\u05DB\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Halakhah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "Halakah \u05D4\u05DC\u05DB\u05D4 (the way, Jewish law) is a system of normative behaviors guiding Jewish practice. Different denominations of Judaism have different attitudes as to whether Halakhah is binding. Jewish sources distinguish between Halakhah and Minhag \u05DE\u05E0\u05D4\u05D2 (customary behavior). Halakhah has had an impact onlaw inthe state of Israel, but Israeli law is not the same as halakhah.", "flashcard" : "Jewish law/behavior", "related" : [ "Mitzvah", "Minhag" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05D5\u05E1\u05E4\u05EA\u05D0 \u05DB\u05E4\u05E9\u05D5\u05D8\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "dateBegin" : "1955", "label" : "Tosefta Kifshutah", "typeNotes" : "Post-1948", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "A commentary on the Tosefta, which is a collection of Tannaitic materials organized like the Mishnah that were not included in the Mishnah. Placeholder, date approximate.", "related" : "no" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05EA \u05DE\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Brit Milah", "type" : "lifecycle", "narrID" : "Brit Milah \u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05EA \u05DE\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4 (covenant of circumcision) is mentioned in Genesis 15:9 when Abraham symbolized by circumcision (Genesis 15:9). Now, Jewish baby boys are circumcised on the eighth day unless they are ill. Circumcision is also one of the components of conversion (for males).", "flashcard" : "Circumcision", "related" : [ "Brit", "Abraham", "Conversion" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05D9\u05D5\u05D8\u05D9 \u05D9\u05E0\u05D9\u05D9 \u05D5\u05E7\u05DC\u05D9\u05E8", "importance" : "1", "dateBegin" : "0580", "label" : "Piyyut", "type" : "tefillah", "narrID" : "Hebrew liturgical poetry, written by poets like Yose ben Yose, Yannai, and Eleazar haKallir. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Prayerful poems" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05E6\u05E8 \u05D4\u05E8\u05E2", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Yetzer haRa", "type" : "theology", "flashcard" : "Evil inclination" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05E8\u05D1\u05E2\u05D4 \u05D8\u05D5\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD", "typeNotes" : "Rishonic", "aka" : "Tur", "dateBegin" : "1330", "URL" : "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbaah_Turim", "type" : "text", "label" : "Arba\'ah Turim", "related" : "Shulchan Arukh", "flashcard" : "A code of Jewish law", "importance" : "5", "narrID" : "A code of Jewish law by Yaakov ben Asher. Yosef Karo\'s Shulhan Arukh followed the arrangement of the Arba\'ah Turim, and was written after Karo had written the Bet Yosef, his commentary on the Arba\'ah Turim." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4 \u05E9\u05D1\u05E2\u05DC \u05E4\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Torah she\'b\'al Peh", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Oral or Conversational Torah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D8\u05D4\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Tohorah", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : [ "Purity", "washing a corpse before a funeral" ], "related" : [ "Tum\'ah", "Kevurah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05D5\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Sukkot", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Sukkot \u05E1\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA (booths) refers to the harvest holiday in the month of Tishrei. Sukkot is one of the Shalosh Regalim. Sukkot is celebrated by living in a sukkah \u05E1\u05DB\u05D4 (a temporary dwelling, a booth), shaking the Arba\'ah Minim \u05D0\u05E8\u05D1\u05E2\u05D4 \u05DE\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD (the four species including the Lulav), and reciting Hallel. At the conclusion of Sukkot there is another holiday called Shemini Atzeret \u05E9\u05DE\u05D9\u05E0\u05D9 \u05E2\u05E6\u05E8\u05EA and Simchat Torah \u05E9\u05DE\u05D7\u05EA \u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4. The days in between are called Chol haMoed \u05D7\u05D5\u05DC \u05D4\u05DE\u05D5\u05E2\u05D3 (the weekdays of the festival).", "flashcard" : "Fall harvest festival of dwelling in huts" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D3\u05E9 \u05D4\u05E7\u05D3\u05E9\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Kodesh haKodashim", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "The center of the Mishkan \u05DE\u05E9\u05DB\u05DF (tabernacle)" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D6\u05D4\u05E8", "typeNotes" : "Medieval", "dateBegin" : "1290", "type" : "text", "label" : "Zohar", "related" : "yes", "flashcard" : "Book of Jewish mysticism", "importance" : "3", "narrID" : "A book of Jewish mystical lore. Placeholder, date approximate." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05D2", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Chag", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Chag \u05D7\u05D2 (festival) is the Biblical term for the Shalosh Regalim \u05E9\u05DC\u05E9 \u05E8\u05D2\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD (three pilgrimage festivals): Pesach \u05E4\u05E1\u05D7, Shavuot \u05E9\u05D1\u05D5\u05E2\u05D5\u05EA, and Sukkot \u05E1\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA. In rabbinic literature, the word Chag on its own refers specifically to the holiday of Sukkot. The phrase Chag Same\'ach \u05D7\u05D2 \u05E9\u05DE\u05D7 (happy holiday) is probably derived from the Yiddish Gut Yontif (happy holiday). In modern parlance, Chag is generally synonomous with the term Yom Tov \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D8\u05D5\u05D1 (lit. good day), but the latter term also includes Rosh haShanah \u05E8\u05D0\u05E9 \u05D4\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4 and Yom Kippur \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05DB\u05E4\u05D5\u05E8.", "flashcard" : "Jewish pilgrimage festival", "related" : [ "Shalosh Regalim", "Yom Tov", "Pesach", "Shavuot", "Sukkot" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D8\u05D5\u05D1", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Yom Tov", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Each of the five festivals which are called Yom Tov \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D8\u05D5\u05D1 are called Mikra Kodesh \u05DE\u05E7\u05E8\u05D0 \u05E7\u05D3\u05E9 (a sacred assembly) in the TaNaKh. Yom Tov, like Shabbat, begin at sundown with the lighting of candles and (with the exception of Yom Kippur which is a fast day) the recitiation of Kiddush. Traditional prohibitions of Melakhah \u05DE\u05DC\u05D0\u05DB\u05D4 are similar to those of Shabbat with the exception of the permission to carry in public, to cook, and to transfer fire.", "flashcard" : "Festivals including the Shalosh Regalim and the Yamim Nora\'im" }, { "importance" : "5", "label" : "Canon", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "The word canon refers to a collection of works which are deemed essential or authoritative. The canon of the TaNaKh includes the 22 books accepted by Rabbinic Jews as sacred.", "flashcard" : "List of authoritative books" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D3\u05D9\u05E0\u05EA \u05D9\u05E9\u05E8\u05D0\u05DC", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Medinat Yisrael", "type" : "Israel", "flashcard" : "State of Israel" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D5\u05D9\u05E7\u05E8\u05D0", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Vayikra", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Third book of the Torah dealing with priestly issues" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05E0\u05D5\u05DB\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Chanukkah", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Chanukkah \u05D7\u05E0\u05D5\u05DB\u05D4 (dedication) is the holiday established by the Hasmoneans after the rededication of the Bet haMikdash \u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05E7\u05D3\u05E9 (Temple) which had been made impure by the Seleucids under Antiochus Epiphanes. The holiday, established for eight days, is celebrated with the lighting of candles, the recitation of Hallel \u05D4\u05DC\u05DC (Psalms of praise), and the inclusion of the paragraph Al haNisim \u05E2\u05DC \u05D4\u05E0\u05E1\u05D9\u05DD (for the miracles) in the Amidah \u05E2\u05DE\u05D9\u05D3\u05D4 and the Birkat haMazon \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05D6\u05D5\u05DF (blessing after food).", "flashcard" : "Hasmonean hoiday of religious freedom and dedication", "related" : [ "Bet haMikdash", "Hallel" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05DC\u05D0\u05DB\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Melakhah", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "The Mitzvah Lo Ta\'aseh \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D5\u05EA \u05DC\u05D0 \u05EA\u05E2\u05E9\u05D4 (negative command) of not doing Melakhah \u05DE\u05DC\u05D0\u05DB\u05D4 (work prohibited on the Shabbat) is repeated in different forms in Shemot \u05E9\u05DE\u05D5\u05EA (Exodus) 20, 23, 31, 34, 35, Vayikra \u05D5\u05D9\u05E7\u05E8\u05D0 (Leviticus) 23, and Devarim \u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD (Deuteronomy) 5. Each emphasizes that work is to be done for six days, and that the seventh day is for God. The primary categories of \u05DE\u05DC\u05D0\u05DB\u05D4 are described in Mishnah Shabbat 7:2 and are organized around all of the activities which go into the production of bread (from plowing to baking), clothing (from shearing to sewing), a Torah scroll (from capturing an animal to writing), the use of fire, completing an action, and carrying in public.", "flashcard" : "Work prohibited on Shabbat", "related" : [ "Kedushat Shabbat", "Shemirat Shabbat", "Asur" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05E9 \u05E8\u05E9\u05D9 \u05DC\u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "dateBegin" : "1070", "label" : "Rashi\'s Torah Commentary", "typeNotes" : "Rishonic", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "Commentary on the Torah. Placeholder, date approximate." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E9\u05DC\u05D5\u05D7 \u05DE\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Mishloach Manot", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Mishloach Manot \u05DE\u05E9\u05DC\u05D5\u05D7 \u05DE\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA (sending gifts of food) is mandated in Megillat Esther as part of the observance of Purim. Traditionally, this is understood as minimally sending two different foods (Manot is plural) to at least one friend (Mishloach is singular). A common food gift is Hamantaschen, triangular pastries filled with something sweet.", "flashcard" : "Gifts of food on Purim", "related" : "Purim" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05E8 \u05E1\u05D9\u05E0\u05D9", "importance" : "5", "label" : "Har Sinai", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Where the Torah reports it was given", "related" : "Revelation" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05D8\u05D5\u05E8", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Patur", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Exempt" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05D3\u05E8", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Seder", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Seder \u05E1\u05D3\u05E8 (order) refers to the structured meal and retelling of the Exodus from Egypt on the first night(s) of Passover. Seder includes a variety of parts including a Kiddush \u05E7\u05D9\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9 (like all Yom Tov \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D8\u05D5\u05D1), the Maggid \u05DE\u05D2\u05D9\u05D3 (the telling of the story), and the eating of Matzah \u05DE\u05E6\u05D4 and Maror \u05DE\u05E8\u05D5\u05E8 (bitter herbs). People use special books called Haggadot \u05D4\u05D2\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA (telling) to guide them through the Seder.", "flashcard" : "The Passover meal where the story of the Exodus is retold" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D2\u05D9\u05DC\u05EA \u05D0\u05E1\u05EA\u05E8", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Megillat Esther", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Megillat Esther \u05DE\u05D2\u05D9\u05DC\u05EA \u05D0\u05E1\u05EA\u05E8 is one of the five megillot included in the Ketuvim. On Purim, Megillat Esther is recited using a special trope (melody) from a parchment scroll. During the reading, people traditionally make noise when the name of Haman is pronounced.", "flashcard" : "Scroll read on Purim" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D4\u05DB\u05DC \u05E0\u05D4\u05D9\u05D4 \u05D1\u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D5", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Shehakol Nihyeh Bidvaro", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Shehakol Nihyeh Bidvaro \u05E9\u05D4\u05DB\u05DC \u05E0\u05D4\u05D9\u05D4 \u05D1\u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D5 (that everything came to be through His word) is the miscellaneous blessing for meat of any kind, eggs, dairy products, as well as fruits and vegetables eaten in unusual or unrecognizable forms. This berakhah is recited after any other berakhot. The complete blessing is \u05D1\u05BC\u05B8\u05E8\u05D5\u05BC\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D0\u05B7\u05EA\u05BC\u05B8\u05D4 \u05D9\u05B0\u05D3\u05B9\u05D5\u05B8\u05D3 \u05D0\u05B1\u05DC\u05B9\u05D4\u05B5\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC \u05DE\u05B6\u05DC\u05B6\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D4\u05B8\u05E2\u05D5\u05B9\u05DC\u05B8\u05DD \u05E9\u05C1\u05B6\u05D4\u05B7\u05DB\u05BC\u05B9\u05DC \u05E0\u05B4\u05D4\u05B0\u05D9\u05B6\u05D4 \u05D1\u05BC\u05B4\u05D3\u05B0\u05D1\u05B8\u05E8\u05D5\u05B9.", "flashcard" : "Blessing over miscellaneous foods like eggs", "related" : [ "Berakhot", "Birkhot haNehenin", "Kiddush" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D3\u05D9\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8 \u05D4\u05DE\u05EA\u05D7\u05D9\u05DC", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Dibbur haMatchil", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Initial word, quoted in a reference" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05D6\u05D5\u05DF", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Birkat haMazon", "aka" : "Bentschen", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Birkat haMazon \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05D6\u05D5\u05DF is the traditional blessing expressing gratitude for food. It is recited after a full meal, traditionally defined by eating bread, but also when one has a set meal at a set time. When one eats with at least two others, one may invite the others to participate in birkat hamazon.", "flashcard" : "Blessing after food", "related" : [ "Berakhot", "Birkhot haNehenin" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E4\u05D5\u05E6\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Diaspora", "aka" : "Galut", "type" : "demography", "narrID" : "Diaspora \u05EA\u05E4\u05D5\u05E6\u05D5\u05EA (dispersion) refers to the various areas to which Jews have moved outside of the Land of Israel. A more traditional term for this is Pezurah \u05E4\u05D6\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4 (scatter-area), as in the phrase from the Musaf Amidah \u05DE\u05D5\u05E1\u05E3 \u05E2\u05DE\u05D9\u05D3\u05D4 (additional prayer on Shabbat and festivals), vkareiv pzureinu mibeyn hagoyim \u05D5\u05B0\u05E7\u05B8\u05E8\u05B5\u05D1 \u05E4\u05BC\u05B0\u05D6\u05D5\u05BC\u05E8\u05B5\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC \u05DE\u05B4\u05D1\u05BC\u05B5\u05D9\u05DF \u05D4\u05B7\u05D2\u05BC\u05D5\u05B9\u05D9\u05B4\u05DD (draw near our scattered [people] from among the nations). Geographically, Diaspora is the same as Chutz La\'aretz \u05D7\u05D5\u05E5 \u05DC\u05D0\u05E8\u05E5 (outside of the Land) and Galut \u05D2\u05DC\u05D5\u05EA (exile), but those terms have different theological associations.", "flashcard" : "Outside of the Land of Israel", "related" : [ "Eretz Yisrael", "Chutz la\'Aretz", "Galut" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05E9\u05E8\u05D4 \u05D1\u05D8\u05D1\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Asarah b\'Tevet", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Asarah b\'Tevet \u05E2\u05E9\u05E8\u05D4 \u05D1\u05D8\u05D1\u05EA (the tenth of Tevet) is a minor fast day commemorating the start of the seige of the First Bet haMiqdash (Temple) by Nebuchadnezzar in 587 BCE.", "flashcard" : "Fast during Tevet" }, { "importance" : "4", "label" : "Daven", "type" : "tefillah", "narrID" : [ "Daven is the Yiddish word for pray", "English speakers use the word \"davening\" (instead of Yiddish: davenen) to refer to a prayer service." ], "flashcard" : "Yiddish word for pray" }, { "importance" : "2", "label" : "Egalitarianism", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Equality between the sexes" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DC\u05D5\u05D5\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Levi\'im", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "family of Moses and Aaron, assistants to the Kohanim" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Ivrit", "type" : "Hebrew", "flashcard" : "Hebrew language", "related" : "Israel" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05DC\u05DE\u05D5\u05D3 \u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05E9\u05DC\u05DE\u05D9", "typeNotes" : "Talmudic", "dateBegin" : "0430", "type" : "Rabbinics", "label" : "Talmud Yerushalmi", "related" : "yes", "flashcard" : "Commentary on Mishnah produced by Amoraim in the Land of Israel", "importance" : "1", "narrID" : "The Talmud Yerushalmi was produced in the land of Israel. It consists of comments of the Amoraim on the Mishnah and on parallel Tannaitic materials." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D9\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Kiddush", "type" : "Shabba", "narrID" : "Kiddush \u05E7\u05D9\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9 (sanctification blessing over wine) is one of the ways in which Shabbat and festivals are begun. On Shabbat, Kiddush quotes the passage describing God\'s sanctification of the Shabbat from Bereisheet \u05D1\u05E8\u05D0\u05E9\u05D9\u05EA (Genesis) 2 and a blessing which recalls both the Creation and Yetziat Mitzrayim \u05D9\u05E6\u05D9\u05D0\u05EA \u05DE\u05E6\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD (the exodus from Egypt).", "flashcard" : "Prayer of wine initiating shabbat or festival" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D2\u05D9\u05DC\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Megillot", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Five scrolls from Ketuvim recited on holidays" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA \u05D4\u05E0\u05D4\u05E0\u05D9\u05DF", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Birkhot haNehenin", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Birkhot haNehenin \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA \u05D4\u05E0\u05D4\u05E0\u05D9\u05DF are a general category of blessings which are recited in different circumstances, including upon eating, drinking, smelling pleasurable scents, seeing certain aspects of nature, visiting certain historical sites, and experiencing something new.", "flashcard" : "Occasional blessings", "related" : [ "Berakhot", "Shehecheyanu" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4", "relatedText" : "R. Yehudah haNasi", "typeNotes" : "Tannaitic", "dateBegin" : "0200", "type" : "Rabbinics", "label" : "Mishnah", "flashcard" : "Israel", "importance" : "2", "narrID" : "The Mishnah is the primary document of Rabbinic literature. It forms the basis of the Talmud. It is divided into six sedarim (orders)--agriculture, appointed times, women, damages, holy things, and purities--and each order is divided into individual masekhtot (tractates) like publication of the Mishnah by R. Yehudah haNasi around 200 CE divides the Tannaitic and Amoraic periods." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E0\u05D9\u05E1\u05DF", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Nisan", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Nisan \u05E0\u05D9\u05E1\u05DF is the first month of the Biblical calendar and the seventh month counting from Tishrei. The Biblical command to establish Nisan as the first month is seen as the first mitzvah to the Jewish people. The holiday of Pesach \u05E4\u05E1\u05D7 begins on the 15th day of Nisan. Ta\'anit Bkhorim \u05EA\u05E2\u05E0\u05D9\u05EA \u05D1\u05DB\u05D5\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD (the fast of the firstborn) precedes Pesach on the 14th day of Nisan. Yom haShoah v\'haGevurah (Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance day) is commemorated on the 27th day of Nisan.", "flashcard" : "The seventh month of the year in which Pesach falls.", "related" : [ "Pesach", "Rosh haShanah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05EA \u05DC\u05D0 \u05EA\u05E2\u05E9\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Mitzvah Lo Ta\'aseh", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Commandment to not do something" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05E9 \u05D4\u05E8\u05DE\u05D1\u05DF \u05DC\u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "4", "dateBegin" : "1268", "label" : "Ramban\'s Torah Commentary", "typeNotes" : "Rishonic", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "Torah commentary. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Medieval commentary written by Nachmanides" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05E1\u05D9\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "5", "label" : "Chassidism", "type" : "community", "flashcard" : "Jewish religious movement stressing God\'s immanence" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05DC \u05EA\u05E9\u05D7\u05D9\u05EA", "URL" : "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_tashkhit", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Bal Tashchit", "type" : "value", "narrID" : "Bal Tashchit \u05D1\u05DC \u05EA\u05E9\u05D7\u05D9\u05D8 (don\'t destroy) is the general prohibition against waste and needless destruction. It is based on the prohibition in Deuteronomy 20:19-20 not to destroy the trees surrounding a city during seige warfare, but has been extended to any form of waste. It is a founding principle of Jewish environmentalism.", "flashcard" : "Prohibition against waste" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DC\u05E9 \u05E8\u05D2\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Shalosh Regalim", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "The Shalosh Regalim \u05E9\u05DC\u05E9 \u05E8\u05D2\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD (three pilgrimage festivals) are Pesach \u05E4\u05E1\u05D7, Shavuot \u05E9\u05D1\u05D5\u05E2\u05D5\u05EA, and Sukkot \u05E1\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA. The term Regel \u05E8\u05D2\u05DC (foot) reflects the term Aliyah l\'Regel \u05E2\u05DC\u05D9\u05D4 \u05DC\u05E8\u05D2\u05DC (ascending [to Jerusalem] by foot) where Jews would offer up sacrifices at the Bet haMikdash \u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05E7\u05D3\u05E9 (Temple).", "flashcard" : "Three pilgrimage festivals" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05EA\u05D5\u05E0\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Chatunah", "type" : "lifecycle", "narrID" : "A Chatunah \u05D7\u05EA\u05D5\u05E0\u05D4 (wedding) is", "flashcard" : "Wedding" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05E8\u05E9\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Parashah", "aka" : "Parashat haShavua", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Weekly portion of the Torah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05D5\u05DE\u05E9", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Chumash", "aka" : [ "Torah", "Pentateuch" ], "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "The Torah is actually five separate but related books: Genesis \u05D1\u05E8\u05D0\u05E9\u05D9\u05EA, Exodus \u05E9\u05DE\u05D5\u05EA, Leviticus \u05D5\u05D9\u05E7\u05E8\u05D0, Numbers \u05D1\u05DE\u05D3\u05D1\u05E8, Deuteronomy \u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD. Chumash can refer both to the whole Torah or any one of the books of the Torah.", "flashcard" : "Name for Torah derived from the number of books", "related" : [ "Torah", "TaNaKh" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05DE\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Emet", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Truth" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DE\u05D7\u05D4 \u05E9\u05DC \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D4", "importance" : "5", "label" : "Simchah shel Mitzvah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Joy of performing a commandment" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D5\u05EA\u05E8", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Mutar", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Permitted" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05D5\u05E5 \u05DC\u05D0\u05E8\u05E5", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Chutz la\'Aretz", "type" : "Israel", "narrID" : "Chutz la\'Aretz \u05D7\u05D5\u05E5 \u05DC\u05D0\u05E8\u05E5 (outside of the Land [of Israel]) divides the world into the sacred and pure Land", "flashcard" : "Outside of the Land of Israel", "related" : [ "Israel", "Galut", "Diaspora" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05D9\u05D2 \u05DC\u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Seyag laTorah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Fence around the Torah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05E9\u05D1\u05D5\u05DF \u05D4\u05E0\u05E4\u05E9", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Heshbon haNefesh", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Personal accounting" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D8\u05D5 \u05D1\u05E9\u05D1\u05D8", "importance" : "2", "label" : "TU b\'Shevat", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "TU b\'Shevat \u05D8\u05D5 \u05D1\u05E9\u05D1\u05D8 (the fifteenth of Shevat) is the New Year for trees. The Torah prohibits use of fruit from immature trees, so having a single day which is seen as the New Year for trees makes it possible to determine how old a tree is considered without actually knowing when it started growing.", "flashcard" : "Jewish arbor day" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D1\u05E2\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Shivah", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : "The first seven days of mourning" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05E8\u05D9\u05D0\u05EA \u05E9\u05DE\u05E2", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Keriat Shema", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Recitation of the shema" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D3\u05E8\u05DA \u05D0\u05E8\u05E5", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Derekh Eretz", "type" : "value", "narrID" : "Derekh Eretz \u05D3\u05E8\u05DA \u05D0\u05E8\u05E5 (the way of the land) refers to basic decency and politeness. In the Mishnah, Derekh Eretz refers to making a living.", "flashcard" : "Manners" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05DC\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA \u05D4\u05E8\u05D9\u05E3", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "1080", "label" : "Hilkhot haRif", "typeNotes" : "Rishonic", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "An epitome of the halakhic principles in the Talmud, according to Isaac Alfasi. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "North African digest of Talmudic law" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05D3\u05D9\u05DF", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Bet Din", "type" : "community", "narrID" : "A bet din \u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05D3\u05D9\u05DF is a court of three Jewish adults (traditionally male, usually, but not always, rabbis) empowered to render certain decisions concerning halakhah \u05D4\u05DC\u05DB\u05D4 (Jewish law). Much of the work of a bet din involves personal status issues--conversion and divorce--but they also can supervise other communal issues like kashrut.", "flashcard" : "Jewish court", "related" : "Halakhah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05EA \u05E2\u05E9\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Mitzvat Aseh", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Commandment to do something" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05E1\u05E4\u05E8", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Bet Sefer", "type" : "community", "narrID" : "A bet sefer \u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05E1\u05E4\u05E8 (house of books) is the Hebrew term for school.", "flashcard" : "School", "related" : "Talmud Torah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05E9\u05D5\u05DF", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Cheshvan", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Cheshvan \u05D7\u05E9\u05D5\u05DF is short for Marcheshvan \u05DE\u05E8\u05D7\u05E9\u05D5\u05DF, the eighth month according to the Biblical counting (which begins with Nisan) and the second month beginning from Tishrei.", "flashcard" : "Bitter second month with no holidays" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05E4\u05E8 \u05D4\u05E7\u05D1\u05DC\u05D4", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "1161", "label" : "Sefer haQabbalah", "typeNotes" : "Medieval", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "Early book of Jewish history and an attack on Karaism. Placeholder, date approximate." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05D9\u05D9 \u05D0\u05D3\u05DD", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "1810", "label" : "Chayyei Adam", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "Halakhic digest by Rabbi Avraham Danzig. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Code of Jewish Law", "related" : "no" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D3\u05E8\u05E9\u05D9 \u05D0\u05D2\u05D3\u05D4", "importance" : "4", "dateBegin" : "0600", "label" : "Midrash Aggadah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "Midrashic works like Genesis Rabbah and Leviticus Rabbah provide interpretations of the books of Genesis and Leviticus (respectively) by reading passages from those books in light of other passages of Scripture and in light of Rabbinic norms and values. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Narratives which use the TaNaKh to interpret itself" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05DC\u05D4", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Challah", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : [ "Challah \u05D7\u05DC\u05D4 (loaf) refers to the special bread eaten on Shabbat \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA and Chagim \u05D7\u05D2\u05D9\u05DD (festivals). Challah can be any kind of bread, but nowadays it is frequently braided (to facilitate tearing), and includes egg to make the bread richer. Challah also refers to the portion of dough which was given to the Kohen \u05DB\u05D4\u05DF (priest), which is now removed symbolically before the bread is formed into loaves", "it also refers to the Mishnah \u05DE\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4 tractate which deals with this priestly gift." ], "flashcard" : [ "Special Shabbat bread", "gift of dough to Kohanim" ], "related" : [ "Challah", "HaMotzi" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E0\"\u05DA", "dateBegin" : "-1300", "type" : "TaNaKh", "label" : "TaNaKh", "related" : [ "Miqra", "Torah", "Chumash", "Nevi\'im", "Ketuvim" ], "flashcard" : "Acronym for Hebrew Bible", "dateEnd" : "-0167", "importance" : "3", "narrID" : "TaNaKh \u05EA\u05E0\u05DA is an acronym for Torah \u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4 (instruction), Nevi\'im \u05E0\u05D1\u05D9\u05D0\u05D9\u05DD (prophets), Ketuvim \u05DB\u05EA\u05D5\u05D1\u05D9\u05DD (writings). TaNaKh is the more common way of referring to the Hebrew Bible, which is also called Miqra \u05DE\u05E7\u05E8\u05D0 (recited text). The TaNaKh is divided into three parts." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05DE\u05D9\u05D3\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Amidah", "aka" : "Shemoneh Esreh", "type" : "tefillah", "narrID" : "The Amidah is the primary Jewish prayer, referred to in rabbinic sources simply as \u05D4\u05EA\u05E4\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4 (the prayer). On weekdays, it is composed of 19 berakhot (blessings) although it is called the Shemoneh Esreh (the eighteen). On Sabbaths, it has seven berakhot.", "flashcard" : "Standing prayer recited at each service", "related" : "Tefillah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05D5\u05E1\u05E4\u05EA\u05D0", "typeNotes" : "Tannaitic", "dateBegin" : "0270", "type" : "Rabbinics", "label" : "Tosefta", "related" : "yes", "flashcard" : "Companion book to the Mishnah of additional Tannaitic traditions", "importance" : "1", "narrID" : "A collection of Tannaitic materials organized like the Mishnah that were not included in the Mishnah. Placeholder, date approximate." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D2\u05DE\u05E8\u05D0", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Gemara", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "The Talmudic commentary on the Mishnah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05E8\u05D5\u05DA \u05D4\u05E9\u05DC\u05D7\u05DF", "typeNotes" : "Nineteenth Century", "dateBegin" : "1884", "type" : "text", "label" : "Arukh haShulchan", "related" : "Shulchan Arukh", "flashcard" : "A code of Jewish law", "importance" : "5", "narrID" : "A halakhic digest by Rabbi Yehiel Michal Epstein. Placeholder, date approximate." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0 \u05E4\u05E8\u05D9 \u05D4\u05D0\u05D3\u05DE\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Borei Peri ha\'Adamah", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Borei Peri ha\'Adamah \u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0 \u05E4\u05E8\u05D9 \u05D4\u05D0\u05D3\u05DE\u05D4 (who creates the fruit of the earth) is the conclusion of the blessing on anything that grows from the earth, with the exception of foods which grow on trees. The complete blessing is \u05D1\u05BC\u05B8\u05E8\u05D5\u05BC\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D0\u05B7\u05EA\u05BC\u05B8\u05D4 \u05D9\u05B0\u05D3\u05B9\u05D5\u05B8\u05D3 \u05D0\u05B1\u05DC\u05B9\u05D4\u05B5\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC \u05DE\u05B6\u05DC\u05B6\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D4\u05B8\u05E2\u05D5\u05B9\u05DC\u05B8\u05DD \u05D1\u05BC\u05D5\u05B9\u05E8\u05B5\u05D0 \u05E4\u05BC\u05B0\u05E8\u05B4\u05D9 \u05D4\u05B8\u05D0\u05B2\u05D3\u05B8\u05DE\u05B8\u05D4.", "flashcard" : "Blessing on vegetables", "related" : [ "Berakhot", "Birkhot haNehenin" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05E0\u05D2 \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Oneg Shabbat", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "Isaiah \u05D9\u05E9\u05E2\u05D9\u05D4 (the first of the major prophets) 58:13 enjoins Israel to declare Shabbat Oneg \u05E2\u05E0\u05D2 (a delight), from which the term Oneg Shabbat \u05E2\u05E0\u05D2 \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA derives. Isaiah emphasizes abandoning one\'s concern with things and focusing on God. Oneg Shabbat is usually described in terms of making time for family, Talmud Torah \u05EA\u05DC\u05DE\u05D5\u05D3 \u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4 (Torah study), Zemirot \u05D6\u05DE\u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA (songs), good food, and sleep.", "flashcard" : "Delight in the Sabbath", "related" : [ "Kedushat Shabbat", "Seudat Shabbat", "Talmud Torah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4 \u05E0\u05D1\u05D5\u05DB\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "1190", "label" : "Guide of the Perplexed", "typeNotes" : "Rishonic", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "Maimonides Guide of the Perplexed is a book of Jewish philosophy. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Maimonides\' book of philosophy" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05D9\u05EA\u05D0", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Baraita", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "A baraita \u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05D9\u05EA\u05D0 (outside) is a text from the Tannaitic period (70-200 CE) which was not incuded in the Mishnah. Many baraitot (pl.) are preserved in the Tosefta and the books of Midrash Halakhah, but many are found only in the Talmudim.", "flashcard" : "Tannaitic text outside of the Mishnah", "related" : [ "Mishnah", "Tosefta", "Midrash Halakhah", "Talmud" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05EA\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA \u05DC\u05D0\u05D1\u05D9\u05D5\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Matanot l\'Evyonim", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Matanot l\'Evyonim \u05DE\u05EA\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA \u05DC\u05D0\u05D1\u05D9\u05D5\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD (gifts to the poor) is mandated in Megillat Esther as one of ways to celebrate Purim. Traditionally, this is understood as two gifts to two poor people (both Matanot and Evyonim are plural). Matanot l\'Evyonim is one way through which Judaism incorporates concerns for social justice into the observance of sacred time.", "flashcard" : "Gifts to the poor on Purim", "related" : [ "Purim", "Tzedakah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E2\u05E0\u05D9\u05EA \u05D1\u05DB\u05D5\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD", "URL" : "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Taanit Bkhorim", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Fast of firstborn" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05E0\u05E1\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Knesset", "type" : "Israel", "flashcard" : "Israel\'s parliament", "related" : [ "Israel", "Halakhah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05D5\u05DE\u05E8 \u05D3\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "dateBegin" : "1588", "label" : "Tomer Devorah", "typeNotes" : "Medieval", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "Book of mysticism by Moses Cordovero focusing on imitating God\'s traits or middot. Placeholder, date approximate.", "related" : "yes" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D7\u05D9\u05E8\u05D4 \u05D7\u05D5\u05E4\u05E9\u05D9\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Bechirah Chofshit", "type" : "theology", "narrID" : "Bechirah Chofshit \u05D1\u05D7\u05D9\u05E8\u05D4 \u05D7\u05D5\u05E4\u05E9\u05D9\u05EA (free choice) is the theological principle that people are able to choose what they are doing, and are therefore responsible for their own actions. This principle is often given as the answer to the question of why God does not intervene in human affairs.", "flashcard" : "Freedom of choice" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05DB\u05E0\u05E1\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Bet haKnesset", "type" : "community", "narrID" : "The Bet haKnesset \u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05D4\u05DB\u05E0\u05E1\u05EA (synagogue) is a community institution designated for assembly, study, and prayer.", "flashcard" : "Place for Jewish communal prayer and assembly" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05E6\u05D5\u05DD", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Fast Day", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "The Jewish year has two major fasts, Yom Kippur and the Ninth of Av. On these days, fasting includes refraining from eating, drinking, bathing, sex, and wearing leather, from sunset until nighttime (the appearance of stars) the following day. There are also minor fasts which include refraining from eating and drinking from sunrise until nighttime.", "flashcard" : "Day of no eating or drinking", "related" : [ "Yom Kippur", "Ninth of Av", "Tzom Gedaliah", "Asarah b\'Tevet", "Taanit Esther", "Taanit Bkhorim", "Sh\'va Asar b\'Tammuz" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05DC\u05D9\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Aliyah", "type" : "tefillah", "narrID" : "Aliyah means going up. Classically, this refers to going up to Jerusalem for the pilgrimage festivals (Pesach, Shavuot, and Sukkot). Now Aliyah refers to immigrating to Israel, and an immigrant is called an oleh. It also refers to going up to the Torah to recite the blessings before and after a section of the Torah. The individual sections of the Torah readings are also called aliyot (plural).", "flashcard" : "Going up to the Torah or to Israel", "related" : [ "Israel", "Torah Reading" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05E9\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Kashrut", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Kashrut \u05DB\u05E9\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA (suitability for eating) refers to the general system of Jewish dietary laws. Kashrut primarily deals with three basic issues: which animals are permitted, how those animals are slaughtered (Shechitah \u05E9\u05D7\u05D9\u05D8\u05D4), and avoiding combinations of meat and milk (Basar b\'Chalav \u05D1\u05E9\u05E8 \u05D1\u05D7\u05DC\u05D1). In order to make sure that the complexities of kashrut are followed, the kehilah \u05E7\u05D4\u05D9\u05DC\u05D4 (community) creates systems of hashgachah \u05D4\u05E9\u05D2\u05D7\u05D4 (supervision).", "flashcard" : "Jewish dietary rules", "related" : [ "Basar b\'Chalav", "Shechitah", "Hashgachah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DC\u05E9\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Sheloshim", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : "The thirty days of mourning following the funeral" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Holiness", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Sacredness/specialness" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05DE\u05D3\u05E8\u05E9", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Bet Midrash", "type" : "community", "narrID" : "A bet midrash \u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05DE\u05D3\u05E8\u05E9 (house of study) is a place designated for communal Talmud Torah \u05EA\u05DC\u05DE\u05D5\u05D3 \u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4 (Torah or Jewish study).", "flashcard" : "Study house", "related" : "Talmud Torah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DC\u05D5\u05DC\u05D1", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Lulav", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "The Lulav \u05DC\u05D5\u05DC\u05D1 is a palm branch and is the main plant species of the Arba\'ah Minim \u05D0\u05E8\u05D1\u05E2\u05D4 \u05DE\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD which is waved on Sukkot. This is also reflected in the blessing for waving the Arba\'ah Minim, which simply concludes Al Netilat Lulav \u05E2\u05DC \u05E0\u05D8\u05D9\u05DC\u05EA \u05DC\u05D5\u05DC\u05D1 (on the waving of the Lulav). Nowadays, one generally purchases an Etrog \u05D0\u05EA\u05E8\u05D5\u05D2 (citron) which is then accompanied with a Lulav and Aravot \u05E2\u05E8\u05D1\u05D5\u05EA (willows) for free. Hadas \u05D4\u05D3\u05E1 (myrtle branches) are purchased separately.", "flashcard" : "Palm branch waved on Sukkot", "related" : [ "Arba\'ah Minim", "Sukkot" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Berakhot", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Berakhot \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05D5\u05EA (blessings) in Jewish texts generally begin with the phrase \u05D1\u05BC\u05B8\u05E8\u05D5\u05BC\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D0\u05B7\u05EA\u05BC\u05B8\u05D4 \u05D9\u05B0\u05D3\u05B9\u05D5\u05B8\u05D3 \u05D0\u05B1\u05DC\u05B9\u05D4\u05B5\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC \u05DE\u05B6\u05DC\u05B6\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D4\u05B8\u05E2\u05D5\u05B9\u05DC\u05B8\u05DD (Praised are You Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe). Some blessings are recited upon fulfilling a mitzvah, as part of tefillah (prayer services), or when eating, drinking, or experiencing certain aspects of the world. Also, the name of the Mishnah and Talmud tractate in which Berakhot are discussed.", "flashcard" : "Blessings", "related" : [ "Tefillah", "Mishnah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E6\u05D3\u05E7\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Tzedakah", "type" : "social_mitzvot", "flashcard" : "Social justice" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05D1\u05D5\u05D3\u05D4 \u05D6\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Avodah Zarah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "Avodah Zarah \u05E2\u05D1\u05D5\u05D3\u05D4 \u05D6\u05E8\u05D4 is idolatry. It is also called Avodat Kokhavim uMazalot \u05E2\u05D1\u05D5\u05D3\u05EA \u05DB\u05D5\u05DB\u05D1\u05D9\u05DD \u05D5\u05DE\u05D6\u05DC\u05D5\u05EA (worship of stars and constellations). This is also the name of the Mishnah and Talmud Tractate which discusses idolatry and the prohibitions associated with it.", "flashcard" : "Idolatry" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05DE\u05E5", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Chametz", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Chametz \u05D7\u05DE\u05E5 (leavening) refers to any product of the five grains--wheat, rye, barley, oats, and spelt--which has had any contact with liquid other than that which is baked as Matzah. Only these grains can become chametz. Ashkenazic Jews also avoid eating Kitniyot \u05E7\u05D8\u05E0\u05D9\u05D5\u05EA (teensy-weensies, small foodstuffs that are like grain) including rice, corn, lentils.", "flashcard" : "Any grain product on Pesach other than matzah." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D1\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Avot", "typeNotes" : "tefillah", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "Avot, \u05D0\u05D1\u05D5\u05EA (fathers) or Avot v\'Imahot, \u05D0\u05D1\u05D5\u05EA \u05D5\u05D0\u05DE\u05D4\u05D5\u05EA (fathers and mothers) refer to Abraham \u05D0\u05D1\u05E8\u05D4\u05DD, Isaac \u05D9\u05E6\u05D7\u05E7, and Jacob \u05D9\u05E2\u05E7\u05D1 and their wives Sarah \u05E9\u05E8\u05D4, Rebeccah \u05E8\u05D1\u05E7\u05D4, Rachel \u05E8\u05D7\u05DC, and Leah \u05DC\u05D0\u05D4. It is also the name of the first blessing of the Amidah.", "flashcard" : "Patriarchs or Ancestors, first blessing in the Amidah", "related" : "Amidah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0 \u05E4\u05E8\u05D9 \u05D4\u05D2\u05E4\u05DF", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Borei Peri haGafen", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Borei Peri haGafen \u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0 \u05E4\u05E8\u05D9 \u05D4\u05D2\u05E4\u05DF (who creates the fruit of the wine) is the blessing on wine recited at Kiddush on Shabbat and holidays and at lifecycle events like weddings. The complete blessing is \u05D1\u05BC\u05B8\u05E8\u05D5\u05BC\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D0\u05B7\u05EA\u05BC\u05B8\u05D4 \u05D9\u05B0\u05D3\u05B9\u05D5\u05B8\u05D3 \u05D0\u05B1\u05DC\u05B9\u05D4\u05B5\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC \u05DE\u05B6\u05DC\u05B6\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D4\u05B8\u05E2\u05D5\u05B9\u05DC\u05B8\u05DD \u05D1\u05BC\u05D5\u05B9\u05E8\u05B5\u05D0 \u05E4\u05BC\u05B0\u05E8\u05B4\u05D9 \u05D4\u05B7\u05D2\u05BC\u05B8\u05E4\u05B6\u05DF.", "flashcard" : "Blessing over wine", "related" : [ "Berakhot", "Birkhot haNehenin", "Kiddush" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E0\u05D7\u05D4", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Minchah", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Afternoon prayer service" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D2\u05D3\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Aggadah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : [ "Aggadah is Jewish legend and lore", "in the Talmud, it refers to the material that is not law (halakhah). It is also called Haggadah, but should not be confused with the Haggadah which is the guidebook to the Passover Seder." ], "flashcard" : "Jewish legend", "related" : [ "Halakhah", "Talmud", "Seder" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Kevurah", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : "Burial" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05E1\u05D5\u05E8", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Asur", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "Asur \u05D0\u05E1\u05D5\u05E8 means prohibited The opposite is \u05DE\u05D5\u05EA\u05E8 (permitted).", "flashcard" : "Prohibited" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D3\u05E8", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Adar", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Adar is the sixth month of the Hebrew year during which the holiday of Purim is celebrated. When there is a Second Adar (Adar Bet), Purim is celebrated then.", "flashcard" : "Month in which Purim comes", "related" : "Purim" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05DC\u05DC", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Hallel", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Psalms of praise recited on festivals" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D5\u05DE\u05E8 \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Shemirat Shabbat", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "Shemirat Shabbat \u05E9\u05DE\u05D9\u05E8\u05EA \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA (observing, or guarding the Shabbat) is the formulation used to describe the Mitzvot Lo Ta\'aseh of Shabbat, that is, to not perform Melakhah \u05DE\u05DC\u05D0\u05DB\u05D4 (the work prohibited on Shabbat). The term is derived from the version of the Aseret haDibrot \u05E2\u05E9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D4\u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA in Devarim \u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD (Deuteronomy) 5.", "flashcard" : "Observing the Sabbath", "related" : [ "Melakhah", "Kedushat Shabbat" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05DB\u05D9\u05E4\u05D5\u05E8", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Yom Kippur", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Day of Atonement" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E6\u05D9\u05E6\u05D9\u05EA", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Tzitzit", "aka" : [ "Arba Kanfot", "Tallit Katan" ], "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Tzitzit \u05E6\u05D9\u05E6\u05EA (fringes) for the corners of graments are mentioned in two places in the Torah: Bemidbar \u05D1\u05DE\u05D3\u05D1\u05E8 (Numbers) 15:38 which enjoins the children of Israel to put a fringe of Tekhelet \u05EA\u05DB\u05DC\u05EA (sky blue) on the corners of their garments. Devarim \u05D3\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD (Deuteronomy) 22:12 also refers to fringes on the four corners, but they are called Gedilim \u05D2\u05D3\u05D9\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD. The purpose of Tzitzit is to remind the person of the Mitzvot \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D5\u05EA (commandments) and not turn away from God.", "flashcard" : "Fringes on a four-cornered garment", "related" : [ "Tefillah", "Mitzvah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05EA\u05DD", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Stam", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Anonymous voice of the Talmud" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D3\u05D9\u05E9", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Kaddish", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Aramaic prayer used to divide up the service, also recited by mourners" }, { "importance" : "5", "label" : "Parallelism", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Repeated, balanced language" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E2\u05E0\u05D9\u05EA \u05D0\u05E1\u05EA\u05E8", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Taanit Esther", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Fast before Purim" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E6\u05D5\u05DD \u05D2\u05D3\u05DC\u05D9\u05D4", "URL" : "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Tzom Gedaliah", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Minor fast day on the third of Tishrei commemorating the assassination of Gedaliah, the governor of Judea, following the destruction of the First Bet haMiqdash (Temple).", "flashcard" : "Fast for assassinated Jewish leader" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E0\u05D4\u05D2", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Minhag", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Custom" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DC\u05E9 \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Shalosh Seudot", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "On Shabbat \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA, tradition enjoins the Jew to eat Shalosh Seudot \u05E9\u05DC\u05E9 \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA (three meals), dinner, lunch, and (a light) dinner. In pre-modern times, people usually ate only one or two meals daily (if that), making the Shabbat the most festive day of the week. The first two Seudot Shabbat \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA (Shabbat meals) have Kiddush \u05E7\u05D9\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9 (Sanctification over wine) and are usually larger and more joyous meals than Seudah Shelisheet \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05D4 \u05E9\u05DC\u05D9\u05E9\u05D9\u05EA (the third meal) which is usually more mellow since Shabbat will soon be concluding.", "flashcard" : "Three meals on Shabbat", "related" : [ "Shabbat", "Seudat Shabbat", "Kiddush", "Seudah Shelisheet", "Zemirot" ] }, { "importance" : "4", "label" : "Hapax Legomenon", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Word which shows up only once" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D1\u05DC\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Avelut", "type" : "lifecycle", "flashcard" : "Mourning" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05E8\u05E7\u05D9 \u05D0\u05D1\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "dateBegin" : "0250", "label" : "Pirkei Avot", "typeNotes" : "Talmudic", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "Pirkei Avot is a tractate of the Mishnah which was probably written a bit after the rest of the Mishnah. It includes ethical statements of various Tannaim. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Ethics of the Fathers" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05E9\u05EA \u05D7\u05D9\u05DC", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Eshet Chayil", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "Eshet Chayil \u05D0\u05E9\u05EA \u05D7\u05D9\u05DC (woman of valor) is from Proverbs, chapter 31, and describes the woman as a competent householder and business-person. It is recited on Friday night as part of the Seudat Shabbat \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05EA \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA (sabbath meal).", "flashcard" : "\"Woman of Valor\" recited in praise of a Jewish wife", "related" : [ "Seudat Shabbat", "Proverbs" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E0\u05D9 \u05D9\u05E9\u05E8\u05D0\u05DC", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Bnei Yisrael", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "Bnei Yisrael \u05D1\u05E0\u05D9 \u05D9\u05E9\u05E8\u05D0\u05DC (children of Israel) is a common term for the Jewish people. It evokes both the image of descent from Jacob who was called Israel and also the historic homeland of the Jewish people, the land of Israel.", "flashcard" : "Children of Israel" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E9\u05E8 \u05D1\u05D7\u05DC\u05D1", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Basar b\'Chalav", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Basar b\'Chalav \u05D1\u05E9\u05E8 \u05D1\u05D7\u05DC\u05D1 (meat in milk) is the Biblical prohibition of boiling an animal in its mother\'s milk, which has been expanded in Kashrut (the Jewish dietary rules) to include any mixture of any meat with milk.", "flashcard" : "Prohibition of mixing meat and milk", "related" : "Kashrut" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05E7\u05D3\u05E9", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Bet haMikdash", "aka" : "Temple", "type" : "community", "narrID" : "The first Bet haMikdash \u05D1\u05D9\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05E7\u05D3\u05E9 (Sanctuary, Holy Temple) was first built by Solomon in Jerusalem. It was destroyed and then rebuilt and then destroyed again in 70 C.E. Worship in the Bet haMikdash was performed through animal sacrifice. Many Tefillot \u05EA\u05E4\u05D9\u05DC\u05D5\u05EA (prayers) ask for the restoration of the Bet haMikdash.", "flashcard" : "Sanctuary in Jerusalem", "related" : "Tefillah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D8\u05D1\u05EA", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Tevet", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Fourth month of the Hebrew year" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D8\u05D5\u05DE\u05D0\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Tum\'ah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Impurity, caused by contact with death" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E7\u05D5\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Mikvah", "type" : "community", "narrID" : "A Mikvah \u05DE\u05E7\u05D5\u05D5\u05D4 (ritual bath) is a bath designed to remove a state of Tum\'ah \u05D8\u05D5\u05DE\u05D0\u05D4 (ritual impurity, not uncleanliness). A Mikvah is used by women to remove Tum\'ah (not uncleanliness) following menstruation, restore her to a state of and allowing the couple to resume sexual relations.A Mikvah is also used in the process of conversion for a non-Jew who wants to become a Jew.", "flashcard" : "Ritual bath", "related" : [ "Tum\'ah", "Tohorah", "Conversion" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05D5\u05E0\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Kavannah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Intention, in prayer or to perform a mitzvah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05E4\u05E8 \u05D4\u05D7\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05DA", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "1280", "label" : "Sefer haHinukh", "typeNotes" : "Medieval", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "A collection of the 613 mitzvot arranged in the order of the Torah. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Book of 613 mitzvot" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D5\u05E1\u05E3", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Musaf", "type" : "tefillah", "flashcard" : "Additional prayer service" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D5\u05E4\u05E8", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Shofar", "type" : "sacred+year", "flashcard" : "Ram\'s horn musical instrument" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05E8\u05E5 \u05D9\u05E9\u05E8\u05D0\u05DC", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Eretz Yisrael", "type" : "Israel", "flashcard" : "The Jewish homeland, the national land of the people of Israel" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D1\u05E2 \u05E2\u05E9\u05E8 \u05D1\u05EA\u05DE\u05D5\u05D6", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Sh\'va Asar b\'Tammuz", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Fast three weeks before Tisha b\'Av" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8 \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Bar Mitzvah", "type" : "lifecycle", "narrID" : "Bar Mitzvah \u05D1\u05E8 \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D4 refers to the celebration of a Jew\'s coming of age at age 13 and becoming responsible to fulfill the mitzvot \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D5\u05EA (commandments). In modern times, the celebration has also been celebrated by women (Bat Mitzvah, \u05D1\u05EA \u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D4) either at age 12 or at age 13. The celebration usually includes taking an aliyah to the Torah and demonstrating other kinds of competence in the synagogue service.", "flashcard" : "Jewish celebration of taking on adult responsibilities.", "related" : [ "Mitzvah", "Aliyah", "Egalitarianism" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05E1\u05DC\u05D5", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Kislev", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Kislev \u05DB\u05E1\u05DC\u05D5 is the third month counting from Tishrei and the ninth month according to the Biblical calendar which begins with Nisan. The 25th of Kislev is the beginning of Chanukkah.", "flashcard" : "Third month of the year in which Chanukkah begins", "related" : "Chanukkah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DB\u05D9\u05D1\u05D5\u05D3 \u05D0\u05D1 \u05D5\u05D0\u05DD", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Kibbud Av v\'Em", "type" : "social_mitzvot", "flashcard" : "Honoring parents" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E9\u05D9\u05D7", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Mashiach", "type" : "theology", "flashcard" : "Anointed savior" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D4\u05DC \u05DE\u05D5\u05E2\u05D3", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Ohel Moed", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Tent of meeting in the wilderness" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E6\u05DC\u05DD \u05D0\u05DC\u05D4\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Tzelem Elokim", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Image of God" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E6\u05D5\u05D5\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Mitzvah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Commandment" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D3\u05E8\u05E9\u05D9 \u05D4\u05DC\u05DB\u05D4", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "0300", "label" : "Midrash Halakhah", "typeNotes" : "Tannaitic", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Tannaitic midrashic commentaries to the Torah. Placeholder, date approximate." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05DE\u05D9\u05DD \u05E0\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Yamim Noraim", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "The Yamim Nora\'im \u05D9\u05DE\u05D9\u05DD \u05E0\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0\u05D9\u05DD (days of awe) primarily refer to the days of Yom Tov, Rosh haShanah and Yom Kippur. But the term Yamim Nora\'im is also used to refer to the entire season, beginning with Rosh Chodesh Elul, leading up to Rosh haShanah, the Aseret Y\'mei Teshuvah \u05E2\u05E9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D9\u05DE\u05D9 \u05EA\u05E9\u05D5\u05D1\u05D4 (the ten days of repentance), and concluding with Yom Kippur.", "flashcard" : "High holidays, Rosh haShanah and Yom Kippur", "related" : [ "Rosh haShanah", "Yom Kippur", "Elul", "Aseret Ymei Teshuvah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Torah", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "First section of the TaNaKh" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E1\u05D9\u05D5\u05DF", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Sivan", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Ninth month during which Shavuot falls." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05D2\u05D3\u05D4", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Haggadah", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "The Haggadah \u05D4\u05D2\u05D3\u05D4 is a text used at Seder designed to help fulfill the Torah\'s command to retell the story of the Exodus each year on Pesach. Nowadays, there are many editions of Haggadot, each of which reflects a different conception of how to implement the educational goal of the Seder.", "flashcard" : "The text of the telling of the Exodus used at the Seder" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D9\u05E7\u05D5\u05E8 \u05D7\u05D5\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Bikkur Cholim", "type" : "social_mitzvot", "narrID" : [ "Bikkur Cholim \u05D1\u05D9\u05E7\u05D5\u05E8 \u05D7\u05D5\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD is the mitzvah of visiting the sick. Tradition describes one who visits the sick as metaphorically removing one sixtieth of the illness", "email and telephone calls can help, but a personal visit certainly is a superior way to fulfill this mitzvah." ], "flashcard" : "Visiting the ill" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D2\u05DC\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Galut", "type" : "Israel", "flashcard" : "Exile" }, { "importance" : "5", "label" : "Anthropomorphism", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "Anthropomorphism is a characteristic of many literary texts which gives human (Greek: anthropos) form (Greek:morph...) to that which is not human. In the TaNaKh, God, who is generally understood to have no body, is described as redeeming Israel with an outstretched arm or as vowing to bring Israel to the land with a raised hand. These usages are seen as anthropomorphism.", "flashcard" : "Attributing a human characteristic to something not human" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D1\u05D5\u05E2\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Shavuot", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Shavuot \u05E9\u05D1\u05D5\u05E2\u05D5\u05EA comes on the fiftieth day after the second day of Passover, after Sefirat ha\'Omer \u05E1\u05E4\u05D9\u05E8\u05EA \u05D4\u05E2\u05D5\u05DE\u05E8 (the counting of the Omer). In the Torah, it is also called Chag haKatzir \u05D7\u05D2 \u05D4\u05E7\u05E6\u05D9\u05E8 (the harvest festival) and Yom haBikkurim \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05D1\u05D9\u05DB\u05D5\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD (the day of the first fruits). The rabbis see Shavuot at Zman Matan Torateinu \u05D6\u05DE\u05DF \u05DE\u05EA\u05DF \u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05EA\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5 (the time of the giving of our Torah). In the Mishnah, Shavuot is called Atzeret \u05E2\u05E6\u05E8\u05EA (ceasing).", "flashcard" : "Feast of Weeks, the festival of the giving of the Torah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05DC\u05D5\u05DC", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Elul", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : [ "Elul is the eleventh month of the Jewish year", "it is seen as an important time for Jewish spirituality as people blow the shofar each morning in preparation for the High Holidays." ], "flashcard" : "Month before Rosh haShanah", "related" : "Shofar" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Brit", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "Brit \u05D1\u05E8\u05D9\u05EA (covenant) is a binding agreement between two parties that has no end. The TaNaKh refers to several covenants including the brit with Noah not to destroy the world with flood and with David to maintain the monarchy in his family. The general brit with Israel is expressed by Israel\'s obligation to follow the mitzvot and God\'s promise to keep the people prosperous on the land of Israel.", "flashcard" : "Covenant", "related" : "Brit Milah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E0\u05D9\u05D0-\u05DC\u05D9\u05E7\u05D5\u05D8\u05D9 \u05D0\u05DE\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "2", "dateBegin" : "1797", "label" : "Tanya", "typeNotes" : "Eighteenth Century", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "Book of Hassidic philosophy by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi. Placeholder.", "related" : "no" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D9\u05D9\u05E8", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Iyar", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Iyar \u05D0\u05D9\u05D9\u05E8 is the eighth month during which fall the modern holidays of Yom haZikkaron \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05D6\u05D9\u05DB\u05E8\u05D5\u05DF (Israel\'s Memorial Day), Yom ha\'Atzma\'ut \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D4\u05E2\u05E6\u05DE\u05D0\u05D5\u05EA (Israel\'s Independence Day), and Yom Yerushalayim \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05E9\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD (Jerusalem Reunification Day). Lag Ba\'Omer \u05DC\"\u05D2 \u05D1\u05E2\u05D5\u05DE\u05E8, the 33rd day of the Omer.", "flashcard" : "The eighth month during which Israel declared its independence.", "related" : [ "Yom haZikkaron", "Yom ha\'Atzma\'ut", "Lag Ba\'Omer", "Yom Yerushalayim" ] }, { "importance" : "5", "label" : "Merism", "type" : "TaNaKh", "narrID" : "A literary term which uses two opposites to refer to an entirety. For example, heaven and earth means all of creation.", "flashcard" : "From A to Z" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E2\u05D1\u05D9\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Averah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "Averah \u05E2\u05D1\u05D9\u05E8\u05D4 means transgression. It is a noun derived from the verb la\'avor \u05DC\u05E2\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8 (to cross over), meaning to cross over the bounds of what is acceptable.", "flashcard" : "Sin/transgression" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05DE\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Amora", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "An Amora is one of the sages of the Talmud from the third-sixth centuries who commented on the Mishnah and other Tannaitic traditions. The literary work of the Amoraim is called the gemara.", "flashcard" : "Rabbi in the Talmud after the Mishnah", "related" : [ "Tanna", "Gemara" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D1\u05EA", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Shabbat", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "Shabbat \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA is the seventh day of the week on which Bereisheet \u05D1\u05E8\u05D0\u05E9\u05D9\u05EA (Genesis) describes God ceasing the work of creation. In Shemot \u05E9\u05DE\u05D5\u05EA (Exodus), God enjoins Israel to make the Shabbat holy.", "flashcard" : "Sabbath", "related" : [ "Kedushat Shabbat", "Shemirat Shabbat" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05E9\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD", "URL" : "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Yerushalayim", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Yom Yerushalayim", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Yom Yerushalayim \u05D9\u05D5\u05DD \u05D9\u05E8\u05D5\u05E9\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD commemorates the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967 after 19 years of Jordanian rule. Different communities celebrate this day in different ways, including the recitation of Hallel \u05D4\u05DC\u05DC (Psalms of praise). One of the themes of the day is expressed in the Psalms (122:3) \u05D9\u05B0\u05E8\u05D5\u05BC\u05E9\u05C1\u05B8\u05DC\u05B7\u05B4\u05DD \u05D4\u05B7\u05D1\u05BC\u05B0\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC\u05D9\u05B8\u05D4 \u05DB\u05BC\u05B0\u05E2\u05B4\u05D9\u05E8 \u05E9\u05C1\u05B6\u05D7\u05BB\u05D1\u05BC\u05B0\u05E8\u05B8\u05D4 \u05DC\u05BC\u05B8\u05D4\u05BC \u05D9\u05B7\u05D7\u05B0\u05D3\u05BC\u05B8\u05D5, Jerusalem rebuilt is like a city joined together.", "flashcard" : "Jerusalem reunification day" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0 \u05DE\u05D9\u05E0\u05D9 \u05DE\u05D6\u05D5\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Borei Minei Mezonot", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Borei Minei Mezonot \u05D1\u05D5\u05E8\u05D0 \u05DE\u05D9\u05E0\u05D9 \u05DE\u05D6\u05D5\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA (who creates all kinds of foods) is the general blessing recited before eating any product made with a significant amount of flour, but is not bread, such as cookies, crackers, pasta, and pretzels. The complete blessing is \u05D1\u05BC\u05B8\u05E8\u05D5\u05BC\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D0\u05B7\u05EA\u05BC\u05B8\u05D4 \u05D9\u05B0\u05D3\u05B9\u05D5\u05B8\u05D3 \u05D0\u05B1\u05DC\u05B9\u05D4\u05B5\u05D9\u05E0\u05D5\u05BC \u05DE\u05B6\u05DC\u05B6\u05DA\u05B0 \u05D4\u05B8\u05E2\u05D5\u05B9\u05DC\u05B8\u05DD \u05D1\u05BC\u05D5\u05B9\u05E8\u05B5\u05D0 \u05DE\u05B4\u05D9\u05E0\u05B5\u05D9 \u05DE\u05B0\u05D6\u05D5\u05B9\u05E0\u05D5\u05B9\u05EA.", "flashcard" : "Blessing on flour products other than bread", "related" : [ "Berakhot", "Birkhot haNehenin" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D4\u05DB\u05E0\u05E1\u05EA \u05D0\u05D5\u05E8\u05D7\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Hakhnasat Orchim", "type" : "social_mitzvot", "flashcard" : "Hospitality" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05D4\u05D9\u05DC\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Tehillim", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Biblical book of 150 poems" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D7\u05D1\u05E8\u05D5\u05EA\u05D0", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Hevrutah", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Study partner" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DC\u05D7\u05DD \u05DE\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4", "importance" : "5", "label" : "Lechem Mishneh", "type" : "Shabbat", "narrID" : "HaMotzi \u05D4\u05DE\u05D5\u05E6\u05D9\u05D0 (the blessing on bread) at the first two of the Shalosh Seudot \u05E9\u05DC\u05E9 \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05D5\u05EA on Shabbat is made over Lechem Mishneh \u05DC\u05D7\u05DD \u05DE\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4 (two loaves of bread), based on the Torah\'s description of the gift of the Manna \u05DE\u05E0\u05D4 in the wilderness. Shemot \u05E9\u05DE\u05D5\u05EA (Exodus) 16:22 reports how the Israelites collected a double portion of Mannah on Friday and save the second portion for the next day when they would not collect. In order to have two Challot \u05D7\u05DC\u05D5\u05EA at both dinner and lunch, one needs to bake three, using only one at dinner.", "flashcard" : "Two whole loaves for Shabbat \u05E9\u05D1\u05EA", "related" : [ "Kiddush", "HaMotzi", "Lechem Mishneh", "Shemot" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05D1\u05D8\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Shevatim", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Tribes" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E9\u05E2\u05D4 \u05D1\u05D0\u05D1", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Tisha b\'Av", "aka" : "Ninth of Av", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Tisha b\'Av \u05EA\u05E9\u05E2\u05D4 \u05D1\u05D0\u05D1 (the ninth of Av) is a Jewish fast day which mourns the destruction of the First and Second Temple in Jerusalem. The scroll of Lamentations is recited in the synagogue in the evening and the morning.", "flashcard" : "Fast for destruction of Temple", "related" : [ "Fast Day", "Lamentations", "Temple" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E4\u05D5\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Purim", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Purim \u05E4\u05D5\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD (lots) is the holiday celebrated during Adar which Jews commemorate the salvation of the Jews of the Persian empire from Haman\'s plot to destroy them through the actions of Esther and her uncle Mordekhai at recounted in Megillat Esther \u05DE\u05D2\u05D9\u05DC\u05EA \u05D0\u05E1\u05EA\u05E8 (the Esther scroll). Purim is celebrated through the reading of Megillat Esther, Seudat Purim \u05E1\u05E2\u05D5\u05D3\u05EA \u05E4\u05D5\u05E8\u05D9\u05DD (a feast), Mishloach Manot \u05DE\u05E9\u05DC\u05D5\u05D7 \u05DE\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA (gifts of food), and Matanot l\'Evyonim \u05DE\u05EA\u05E0\u05D5\u05EA \u05DC\u05D0\u05D1\u05D9\u05D5\u05E0\u05D9\u05DD (gifts to the poor). Al haNisim \u05E2\u05DC \u05D4\u05E0\u05E1\u05D9\u05DD (for the miracles) is recited in the Amidah and the Birkat haMazon \u05D1\u05E8\u05DB\u05EA \u05D4\u05DE\u05D6\u05D5\u05DF (blessing after food).", "flashcard" : "Minor holiday celebrating the saving of the Jews of Persia", "related" : [ "Adar", "Megillat Esther", "Mishloach Manot", "Matanot l\'Evyonim" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E2\u05E0\u05D9\u05EA \u05E6\u05D9\u05D1\u05D5\u05E8", "URL" : "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27anit", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Ta\'anit Tzibur", "type" : "sacred_year", "flashcard" : "Public fast" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D9\u05D2\u05E8\u05EA \u05E8\u05D1 \u05E9\u05E8\u05D9\u05E8\u05D0 \u05D2\u05D0\u05D5\u05DF", "importance" : "5", "dateBegin" : "0986", "label" : "Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon", "typeNotes" : "Geonic", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "A letter purporting to tell the history and origin of Rabbinic literature. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Letter describing the development of Oral Torah" }, { "importance" : "1", "label" : "Monotheism", "type" : "theology", "flashcard" : "Belief in one God" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E7\u05D3\u05D5\u05E9\u05D4", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Kedushah", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Holiness" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E9\u05DC\u05D5\u05DD", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Shalom", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Peace" }, { "importance" : "3", "dateBegin" : "1934", "label" : "Judaism as a Civilization", "typeNotes" : "Pre-1948", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "A book of Jewish philosophy. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Major book of Reconstructionist Jewish philosophy." }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D3\u05E8\u05E9", "importance" : "2", "label" : "Midrash", "typeNotes" : "TaNaKh", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Interpretation of TaNaKh using TaNaKh" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05DC\u05D7", "importance" : "4", "label" : "Salt", "type" : "daily_life", "narrID" : "Salt \u05DE\u05DC\u05D7 is used to remove blood from kosher meat. The Jewish table is compared to the Mizbe\'ach \u05DE\u05D6\u05D1\u05D7 (a slaughter site, altar), so that eating is seen as a holy act. Since salt is used in animal sacrifice, it is customarily sprinkled on bread to evoke that image of the altar.", "flashcard" : "Used to remove blood from kosher meat", "related" : [ "Kashrut", "Shechitah" ] }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05DC\u05DE\u05D5\u05D3 \u05D1\u05D1\u05DC\u05D9", "typeNotes" : "Talmudic", "dateBegin" : "0600", "type" : "Rabbinics", "label" : "Talmud Bavli", "related" : "yes", "flashcard" : "Major work of Rabbinic culture", "importance" : "3", "narrID" : "The Babylonian Talmud is known simply as \"The Talmud\" because it is the primary text of traditional Jewish study. The Talmud tries to make sense of the various legal theories of the Tannaim and tries to connect their legal statements to interpretations of Scripture. The Talmud is composed of the Mishnah, Baraitot (non-Mishnaic traditions from the Tannaitic period), the comments of the Amoraim, and the anonymous framework (the stam)." }, { "importance" : "5", "label" : "Etiology", "type" : "TaNaKh", "flashcard" : "Origin story" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05E9\u05E0\u05D4 \u05EA\u05D5\u05E8\u05D4", "importance" : "4", "dateBegin" : "1180", "label" : "Mishneh Torah", "typeNotes" : "Rishonic", "type" : "Rabbinics", "narrID" : "Halakhic code written by Maimonides. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Rambam\'s code of Jewish law" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05D0\u05D4\u05D1\u05EA \u05E6\u05D9\u05D5\u05DF", "importance" : "3", "label" : "Ahavat Tzion", "type" : "value", "flashcard" : "Love of Zion", "related" : "Zionism" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05E8\u05D0\u05E9 \u05D7\u05D3\u05E9", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Rosh Chodesh", "type" : "sacred_year", "narrID" : "Rosh Chodesh \u05E8\u05D0\u05E9 \u05D7\u05D3\u05E9 (new month) refers to the one or two day celebration of the new moon, that is, when the first crescent of the moon is visible. The Jewish calendar follows the moon but is corrected with an additional month (Adar Bet) seven times in 19 years in order to make sure the seasons land in the same time of the solar year.", "flashcard" : "New month" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05EA\u05E0\u05D0", "importance" : "1", "label" : "Tanna", "type" : "Rabbinics", "flashcard" : "Rabbi from the time of the Mishnah" }, { "Hebrew" : "\u05DE\u05D7\u05D6\u05D5\u05E8 \u05D5\u05D9\u05D8\u05E8\u05D9", "importance" : "2", "dateBegin" : "1100", "label" : "Machzor Vitry", "typeNotes" : "Medieval", "type" : "text", "narrID" : "Early siddur, including the texts for a wide variety of rituals, edited by Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry. Placeholder, date approximate.", "flashcard" : "Early Ashkenazic siddur" } ] }